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European
History
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Thirty Years War: A narrative history of the Thirty Years War (1618-48). The website contains a summary history on the home page, together with more detailed year-by-year history deeper in the site. It also includes links to other Thirty Years War related sites, a bibliography of English-language sources and a map of Central Europe at the start of the war.
EU History: This website, maintained by the history department of Leiden University, provides a directory of resources on the history of European Integration. The material is organized under the headings: Archives, Historical Documents, Bibliographies, Brussels, Journals, Cold War, Timelines, EU-Institutions, Non-EU Institutions, Discussion Groups, Oral Histories, Statistical Sources, Eurospeak and Federalism.
Economic and Monetary Union: In the debate on the euro very little attention is paid to differences in the levels of income and unemployment across the regions of Europe, and whether a single currency is likely to narrow or exacerbate these differences. This is an important issue because existing regional inequalities already pose a threat to the cohesion of the European Union. There is a very real possibility that the single currency, without an effective regional policy, will worsen these disparities. This special report by the Guardian newspaper provides links to fifteen articles on the subject of Monetary Union.
European Witch-Hunts: For three centuries of early modern European history, diverse societies were consumed by a panic over alleged witches in their midst. Witch-hunts, especially in Central Europe, resulted in the trial, torture, and execution of tens of thousands of victims, about three-quarters of whom were women. This website provides an illustrated overview of the subject.
Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions: In 1848 a series of revolutions took place in western and central Europe. They sprang from a shared background of autocratic government and economic unrest, as well as from the failure of conservative governments to grant representation to the middle classes, and the awakened nationalism of minorities in Europe. The Encyclopedia of 1848 website, located at the Ohio University, has contributions from historians in the United States, England, Germany, France, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Historia de España: This web site has been created and maintained by Juan Carlos Ocaña, history teacher in a High School in Madrid. It has been produced so that students, teachers and everybody else interested in 20th century history can have access to several sorts of resources. There are online lessons on First World War and the Treaties of Peace, International Relations during the Interwar Period, European Integration Process and European Citizenship and Women's Suffrage Movement and Feminism, 1789-1945. The online lessons provide historical texts, chronologies, glossaries, biographies, collections of selected links and different activities on texts, maps, statistics and images. The online lessons and the rest of the contents are in Spanish, although an English and Portuguese version of the European Integration Process and European Citizenship lessons are available.
Jean Monnet and European History: European integration process is usually taught at schools as an isolated process, what turns this subject into a quite juridical and unattractive lesson in History curricula. Students should learn EU history as a process immersed into general World and Europe history. Jean Monnet was undoubtedly one of the main founders of the European Union. By tracing Monnet's life, students investigate the main events of European history, from the First World War to the birth and first enlargement of the EU.
History of the European Union and European Citizenship: This website, History of the European Union: Integration Process and European Citizenship, has been produced by Juan Carlos Ocaña, a teacher from Spain. The website focuses on the history of the EU an the legal notion of European Citizenship. It is targeted to upper secondary education and early university grades students. Apart from historical information organised in a chronological way, biographies, glossary, texts and a timeline are available.
Play Your Dates Right: This game tests historical knowledge by inviting students to choose a topic area and then presenting them with a series of shuffled 'cards'. Students playing the game have to determine whether the event described on each new card happened before or after the one to its left. Russel Tarr (Active History) and John Simkin (Spartacus Educational) have created 20th Century Europe to celebrate Spring Day In Europe.
France
The Napoleonic Guide is the ultimate online reference source for people wanting to know more about the life and era of Napoleon Bonaparte. The website contains details of almost every aspect of the Napoleonic Era from Bonaparte's career, family and lovers, to his campaigns, battles and conquests. In addition, The Napoleonic Guide has timelines, maps, quotes, political cartoons, caricatures, art, the entire Goya's Disasters of War series, uniform details and images, glossaries, book reviews, lyrics from military songs and a section on the naval struggle in the French Revolution and times of Napoleon Bonaparte.
20th Century France: The encyclopaedia is being created in sections. So far the following sections are available: Military Leaders: 1900-1920, France and the First World War, French Armed Forces: 1914-18, French Politicians: 1920-1945, Military Leaders: 1920-1945, French Politicians: 1945-1970, France and the Second World War, French Armed Forces: 1939-45 and the French Resistance.
Germany
History of Germany: This detailed history of Germany is taken from the Area Handbook of the US Library of Congress. Chapters include Early History, Medieval Germany, Protestant Reformation, Thirty Years' War, 1618-48, Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789, French Revolution and Germany, German Confederation, 1815-66, Bismarck and Unification, Imperial Germany, Weimar Republic, 1918-33, Third Reich, 1933-45, Postwar Occupation and Division, Birth of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, West Germany and the Community of Nations, Ulbricht Era, 1949-71, Social Democratic-Free Democratic Coalition, 1969-82, Christian Democratic Christian Socialist-Free Democratic Coalition, Honecker Era, 1971-89 and Opening of the Berlin Wall and Unification.
Germany: 1900-45: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of Germany. So far there are sections on the First World War (82), German Art (18), German Scientists (26), Weimar Republic (16), Political Parties (8), Political Leaders : 1900-1930 (42), Foreign Policy: 1930-40 (12), Military Leaders (42), Nazi Germany (34), Nazi Political Leaders (74), German Resistance to Nazism (52), Holocaust (46).
German-American History & Heritage: An impressive collection of resources to use when studying German immigration to the United States. The website includes biographies of over 200 German-Americans, online books and miscellaneous essays relating to German-Americans. The teaching resources section includes materials on 'German Immigrant Culture in America', 'Revolutionaries of 1848' and 'German-Americans and their Contributions to American Mainstream Culture'.
Scotland
Scotland 1700-1960: Biographies of sixty-eight important people born in Scotland. People featured include George Birkbeck, Henry Brougham, John Buchan, Thomas Carlyle, Andrew Carnegie, Arthur Conan Doyle, John Bruce Glasier, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, Keir Hardie, David Octavius Hill, Joseph Hume, Jennie Lee, John MacAdam, Mary Macarthur, Ramsay MacDonald, Margaret McMillan, John Menzies, Thomas Muir, Allan Pinkerton, Allan Ramsay, John Reith, Marie Stopes, Thomas Telford and James Watt.
In Search of Scotland: This website was produced as a companion to a ten part BBC series on the history of Scotland. Sections include: Mysterious Ancestors, Birth of a Nation, Impact of the Monk, Wars of Independence, Renaissance & Information, The European Lifeline, Making of the Union, The Enlightenment, The Victorian Achievement and Modern Scotland.
Highland Clearances: In the second-half of the 18th century, Scottish society in the Highlands suffered an economic. Subsistence farming could no longer sustain an increasing population and this was aggravated by the policy of many major landowners of clearing their land for sheep farming by the expulsion of crofters and the burning of their cottages. This website provides a detailed look at these events.
Wars of Independence: Scotland and England are two nations divided by their experience of history. That divide was never wider than during the Wars of Independence in the 13th and 14th centuries when a chance event brought an era of relative friendship to an end in violent conflict. This website produced by the BBC includes an overview of the conflict plus detailed biographies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
National Archives of Scotland: Based in Edinburgh, NAS has one of the most varied collection of archives in the British isles. It is the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as a separate kingdom, her role in the British isles and the links between Scotland and many other countries over the centuries. The NAS holds records spanning the 12th to the 21st centuries, touching on virtually every aspect of Scottish life. The NAS is the repository for the public and legal records of Scotland but also holds many local and private archives.
Robert Owen Museum: Robert Owen, the son of a saddler and ironmonger, became one of the most successful mill owners of the Industrial Revolution with a reputation as the producer of fine cotton. However, it was not as a successful and respected businessman that he left his mark on history, but as one of the most prominent social reformers of the period, a pioneer of modern British socialism and a source of inspiration to the co-operative and trade union movements. The Robert Owen Museum includes a detailed biography of this remarkable man.
Red Clydeside: During the period between 1910 and 1932 the city of Glasgow was witness to an unparalleled wave of working class protest and political agitation which challenged the forces of capitalism and also, on occasion, directly challenged the state itself. The events and people who shaped this period forged an enduring legacy which still remains part of the political and social fabric of the city to the present day, and which is known quite simply as Red Clydeside. This turbulent period of industrial, social and political upheaval reinforced Glasgow's reputation as the centre of working class struggle in Britain in the early years of the twentieth century. This website provides access to digital copies of original source materials from the Red Clydeside period, as one of the digital collections of the Glasgow Digital Library.
Wales
Wales 1700-1960: Biographies of people born in Wales. People featured include Clifford Allen, William Berry, Aneurin Bevan, Clement Davies, Violet Douglas-Pennant, John Frost, Vernon Hartshorn, David Lloyd George, Josiah Guest, Leslie Illingworth, Augustus John, Gwen John, Samuel Jones, Robert Owen, Richard Price, Sarah Siddons, Thora Silverthorne, Howard Spring, Bert Thomas, David Albert Thomas, Edward Thomas, Jimmy Thomas, Margaret Haig Thomas and Gerald of Wales.
Welsh Political Archive: This website presents social and political campaigning in Wales during the twentieth century through the use of digitised images of original documents, photographs and sound and video files. The campaigns voice the rights of various groups, for example the right of women to vote, or the right of miners and quarrymen to fair wages and decent working conditions. The material has been selected from various collections in the National Library of Wales. The material can be accessed directly from the site map, the search facility, or the time-line. It is also possible to access the material thematically. The site is divided into six themes - The Ballot Box, Labour Struggles, War and Peace, The Welsh Language, Devolution and The Water Industry.
BUBL Welsh History Reference Library: BUBL Information Service, based at Strathclyde University Library, is a searchable database of Internet resources of academic relevance. The websites are organized by Dewey Decimal Classification and can be searched by subject or class number.
Castles of Wales: This website is the work of Jeffrey L. Thomas. This attractively designed website enables the user to find out about 170 different castles. The creators provide a detailed history of each castle. As well as text there are numerous illustrations, for example, Beaumaris has twelve photographs and a drawing of the layout of the castle. To help the student there is an excellent online glossary of castle terms. There is also a section on Welsh Abbeys and a whole range of links with other sites including: 'A History of Wales', 'Royal Families of Wales' and 'Cultural Traditions'.
David Lloyd George is probably the greatest international statesman to come from Wales. His influence was very marked on the life of Wales, the United Kingdom and Europe. He was a Liberal member of Parliament for fifty years and served in government as President of the Board of Trade (1905-08), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-15), Arms Minister (1915-16) and War Minister (1916). In December 1916 at the height of the First World War he became Prime Minister and held that office until 1922. This online exhibition was originally prepared in March 1995 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of his death and focuses on both public and private aspects of his life.
Architecture of Wales: The exhibits of this online exhibition are arranged into nine themes some of which accord with building function, namely Domestic Architecture; Public Architecture; Public Utilities; Industrial, Commercial, and Military Architecture; Religious Architecture; Lost Houses; Unfulfilled Conceptions; R.E. Bonsall : Examples from an Aberystwyth Practice; Photographs and Postcards.
South Wales Coalfield Collection was established in 1969 as an attempt to preserve the documentary records of the mining community of South Wales. The South Wales Coalfield Collection (SWCC) gives an insight into the experience of the South Wales Valleys during a period of industrial turmoil both from an institutional and personal perspective. It contains records of trade unions (notably the South Wales Miners' Federation, later the National Union of Mineworkers (South Wales Area) and the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation, miners' institutes, cooperative societies, and individuals connected with the mining community.
Ireland
Ireland 1845 to 1922: This is the latest section available from Chris Trueman's History Learning website. It has material on the following topics: Ireland in the C19th, Ireland and land problems, the Great Famine, the Fenians, Gladstone and Ireland, Home Rule, Charles Parnell, Edward Carsons, the Ulster Covenant, John Redmond, the background to the Easter Rising, the 1916 Easter Rising, James Connolly, Patrick Pearse, Countess Markiewicz, Michael Collins, Ireland 1918 to 1922 and the Black and Tans.
Chronicon is an electronic journal of history. It is published annually and is freely available on the Internet. The journal publishes articles relating to history - ancient, medieval and modern - but with a particular focus on Irish history. It contains reviews of publications and notices of scholarly developments. The journal will provide a forum for scholars to exchange views on matters of topical interest. Each volume appears at the start of the calendar year and will remain open for that year. As new articles are received they are added to the current volume.
BUBL Irish History Reference Library: BUBL Information Service, based at Strathclyde University Library, is a searchable database of Internet resources of academic relevance. The websites are organized by Dewey Decimal Classification and can be searched by subject or class number. The Irish History section includes topics such as Celtic Art and Culture, Chronology of Ireland, National Archives and the Great Irish Famine.
Conflict Archive on the Internet: This website contains information and source material on the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1968 to the present. It also has information on society and politics in the region. Material is regularly added to the site and information on particular pages may change. The information is divided into a number of main sections: Background to the Conflict, Key Events, Key Issues, Bibliographic Database, Conflict Studies and Directory of Researchers.
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Educational Websites
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