Military History

Allies in War:This website was originally established by Syd Dean for women from the United Kingdom who met and married American Servicemen and then moved to the United States and many other countries. Later it was decided to include anything that was of historical value. This ranges from enquiries to find out what happened to a certain ship, or squadron or the location of a particular cemetery.

Military History Encyclopedia on the Web: John Rickard's website currently concentrates on the middle ages, the First World War, the Seven Years War and the Thirty Years War. However, in recent months it has produced material on the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War and the Second World War. At the moment the website has 631 articles, 49 pictures, 80 maps and over 310,000 words on military history.

Victoria Cross Website: Created by Mike Chapman, the Victoria Cross website is dedicated to the 1354 people who have been awarded this medal since 1856. There are sections on all the military campaigns since the Crimean War. The section on the First World War is particularly impressive and visitors can access information about the 624 men who won the Victoria Cross between 1914-18. This includes details of the deed and location of the medal. Entries are also listed by regiment, rank, campaign and nationality.

British Battles: In this section of the Britain Express History Guide there are accounts of some of the most influential battles fought on British soil. Each battle profile contains "at a glance" facts about the battle, including: who was involved and why, with an account of the battle, and the results of the conflict. Battles featured include Bannockburn (1314), Barnet (1471), Bosworth (1485), Culloden (1746), Edgehill (1642), Edington (878), Evesham (1265), Falkirk (1298), Flodden (1513), Hastings (1066), Lewes (1264), Marston Moor (1644), Naseby (1645), Prestonpans (1745), Sedgemoor (1685), St Albans (1461), Stamford Bridge (1066), Stirling (1298), Tewkesbury (1471) and Towton (1461).

Military Blunders: Everyone makes mistakes, but having ranks of soldiers and heavy weaponry at one's disposal can certainly make an error more dramatic. This website, produced by the History Channel, presents five famous military blunders to investigate. It poses questions such as: What went wrong? Who was to blame? What should have been done differently?

World Conflicts Documents Project: This website was originally created by Lucas Turks in January 1998. It provides original articles on military matters, great statesmen and war heroes. There is also a collection of photos, maps and documents about world conflicts over the last 200 years. The material is available in both English and Italian.

History of the British Army: This National Army Museum website provides a brief introduction to the history of the British Army. It includes sections on the Regimental System, Early Years, War with France, Stagnation and Reform, First World War, the Second World War and An Army for Today. The website also has summaries of a number of battles and campaigns in which the British Army has been engaged during its long history. Forthcoming topics will include Burma and Dunkirk.

Naval History: A large collection of articles on Naval History. Subjects covered include Franco-Prussian war, Baltic and the Russian Revolution, British-Bolshevik Navy Actions (1918-19), Dardanelles & Gallipoli, North Russian Expeditionary Force, Great War at Sea, Dreadnoughts, Royal Navy and World War 2, Service Magazines in the Second World War, Thames Barges and D-Day, Aircraft Carrier Warfare, Amphibious Operations and British Submarines at War.

Commonwealth War Graves Commission: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was established in 1917. Its duties involve marking and maintaining the graves of the members of the forces of the Commonwealth who were killed in the two World Wars. The CWGC is also responsible for keeping records of those who lost their lives and over the years has become an important source of information for those carrying out historical research. The CWGC has now made this material available on the Internet. It is now possible to obtain details of the rank, regiment, date and burial of all members of the armed forces killed in the First World War.

A Place for Heroes: This is a web site dedicated to Second World War and Korean War heroes. Unknown stories are revealed and places rediscovered as well as personal stories of combat and of the home front. Read about a young P-40 crew chief in Darwin sweating out a Japanese invasion with no arms or food. How about playing dead in a crater as a Japanese tank hovers at the edge looking for signs of life? Even the first hand personal story of a pretty young Southern debutante who left a life of privilege, cotillions, and ease to do her bit in the war effort.

Battlefield Anomalies: The main reason why Graham Morris started this site was to enable the layman, and the professional military historian to gain access to some of the lesser-known battles of history, as well as a few of the more familiar, without having to troll through the masses of irrelevant and often misleading information available on the Web. Morris hopes that his website will stimulate debate and discussion. The website currently features the battles at Caradoc, Eylau, Fontenoy, Heilsberg, Koniggtatz, Malplaquet and Gettysburg.

Flight-History is dedicated to developing an extensive online archive of aviation history. The archives currently focus on the pre-jet era. In time Flight-History will extend the archive to the jet era and space. Recent stories that have been added to the archive include The Gipsy Engine; The Birth of a National Air Force; Bishop vs The Red Baron; The Victoria Cross Flight, The Flying Tigers in China; Miles Aircraft Company; History of the WACO Aircraft Company; The USS Macon; The Men on the Flying Trapeze and Crash.

Paths of Memory (War in Europe 1914-45): This website covers locations in six European countries (UK, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Belgium) relating to the two World Wars and the Spanish Civil War. The idea is to enable the public to compare different national experiences during, and memories of, these three wars (including military/naval/air operations, the home front, repression, occupation and liberation). The text was deliberately written to be non-academic and easy to understand.

Seven Years War: A collection of articles on the Seven Years War including Transportation of Provisions in North America (Keith Raynor), The Siege of Louisbourg (Larry Ostola), An Account of Two Attacks on Fort William Henry (Keith Raynor), A Soldier's Account of the Campaign on Quebec (Robert Henderson), History and Uniform of the 60th Regiment of Foot, 1755-1760 (Jack L. Summers and René Chartrand), Ohio Forts in 1753 (Keith Raynor) and The British Grenadiers and their Mitre Caps (Robert Henderson).

English Civil War: The site includes a collection of timelines: Parliament and Constitution 1640-60, The First Civil War 1640-46, The Second Civil War 1647-49, The Third Civil War 1649-51, The Commonwealth 1649-53, Cromwell's Protectorate 1654-58 and The Restoration 1659-60. There is also twenty-four biographies of leading figures in the conflict and descriptions of sixty-two battles and sieges.

Encylopedia of the English Civil War: A comprehensive encyclopedia of the conflict between the monarchy and parliament. Most entries contain a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. There are sections on Military Leaders (36), Political and Religious Figures (40), Writers and the Civil War (14), Artists and the Civil War (6), Events, Issues and Organizations (18), Battles (6) and Religious Groups (10).

Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal: Since his death in 1658, Oliver Cromwell's life, ambitions, motives and actions have been the subject of scholarly investigation and debate. The Oliver Cromwell Internet Portal is maintained by the Cromwell Association and the Cromwell Museum in Huntington. The material is organized under the following headings: Oliver Cromwell's Life, Antecedents, Politician, Soldier, Religion, Quotes About, Quotes By, English Civil War, In the News and Bibliography.

Trenches on the Web: Trenches on the Web is an evolving project being developed by Mike Lavorone in the USA. New material is being added all the time and this reflects the concerns and interests of the people who use the site and are willing to send information to the webmaster. Lavorone describes himself as the trench-keeper ("a history technician, not a historian, recording these events with the tools currently available"). Students can explore a wide variety of themes and topics. It is also possible to look at certain issues in great detail. The range and display of statistics in this website is especially impressive. The visitor is never allowed to forget the human tragedy of this conflict and heart-rendering photographs appear next to the tables and graphs on the screen.

BBC History interactive: World War One: This BAFTA award-winning BBC History interactive website offers the chance to explore the human face of the First World War. Discover what life was like in the trenches and on the Home Front through dramatizations of original diaries, letters and photographs through interactive movies. Leading academics such as Gary Sheffield, Joanna Bourke and Stephen Badsey answer the key questions: why did the First World War start? Were the men really lions led by donkeys? And, ultimately, what was the impact on society? You can explore original documents and take a virtual tour of a 3-D trench system, whilst animated maps of the Western Front highlight the movements of the armies and the key battles.

Air of Authority: This site is becoming established as one of the leading sites covering the history of the Royal Air Force. Its main focus is the organisational history of the service from its formation in 1918 to the present day and includes details of its predeccessors the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, were this is relevant to the story. The site is constantly being up-dated and is in a constant state of change. It currently gives formation details for a wide range of RAF units from Ministry down to Squadron level. Air Council appointments, Command and Group Commanders are given and individual biographical details for over 500 senior RAF officers are given. Squadron histories for all RAF squadrons are being added with many now complete. Each squadron history is supported by a detailed break down of aircraft used together with colour profiles of many of the aircraft types used showing camouflage and markings."

First World War Open Directory: The Open Directory follows in the footsteps of some of the most important contributor projects of the 20th century. Just as the Oxford English Dictionary became the definitive word on words through the efforts of a volunteers, the Open Directory follows in its footsteps to become the definitive catalog of the Web. The Open Directory was founded in the spirit of the Open Source movement, and is the only major directory that is 100% free. Its directory of the First World War contains 356 websites: General Accounts (29), Armed Forces (12), Personalities (113), Theatres of Operation (51), Regional (85), Aviation (25), Art and Literature (24) and Aftermath (11).

First World War Encyclopaedia: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of the First World War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. So far there are sections on: Chronology, Outbreak of War, Allied Armed Forces, Central Powers, Important Battles, Technology, Political Leaders, British Home Front, Military Leaders, Trench War, The Soldiers, Major Offensives, War at Sea, War in the Air, War Artists, War Literature, War Heroes, Women at War, Organisations, Strategies & Tactics, Weapons & Machines, Inventors and the War, Theatres of War and War Statistics.

The Aerodrome: Aces and Aircraft of World War I: Scott Hamilton is responsible for this beautifully designed and easy to use website. As the title suggests, the website contains details of all the main First World War aces and aircraft. The database includes biographies of aces from sixteen different countries. The entries are extremely detailed and very good use is made of hypertexted links. Other features include a Discussion, Forum and Today in History, where information is provided on all the significant events that took place on that particular date during the war.

Cecil Slack's War: Andrew Moore has producing an outstanding website on the letters and diaries of Cecil Slack, a soldier who took part in the First World War. As well as Slack's own writings the website also contains photographs of the man and his family. There is also a wealth of ideas on how you can use the material to teach History and English to students aged 9 to 14.

Art and the First World War: This is an excellent website devoted to the art produced during the First World War. Created to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Armistice, the database includes 54 artists and images of 100 pictures from museums in London, Paris, Berlin, Bonn, Vienna, Caen and Verdun. All the exhibits includes background details of the work and a brief biography of the artist. The paintings are listed under seven different categories: War Declared, Fighting Men, Age of Artillery, The Battlefield, Total War, Suffering and Death.

One Day's Fighting on the Western Front: This website looks in great detail at what happened to the men of the 2/8th Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) during one day's fighting on the Western Front in September 1917. Produced by the Great War Family Ancestry and Research Services, the website also provides an illustrated account of the Polygon Wood battlefield today.

Causes of World War I: In an extensive online lesson from School History pupils are able to work through information plus brief assessment questions relating to the causes of World War I. In-depth information covering both the long term and short term causes is covered. Through the use of maps and other images, together with clear explanation and analysis, this lesson is a good way to revise or investigate the outbreak to World War I.

First World War: From the root causes of the First World War through to technological advances made during the conflict this Schools History unit provides easy to understand coverage of all aspects of the First World War. Resources are written for students aged 13-16 and are carefully constructed to meet the needs of the National Curriculum requirements. The site provides a section of resources for teachers to make use of and the casual reader will find many interesting facts within this expanding collection of biographies, descriptions and pictures.

The Great War 1914-18: As well as general information on the Ypres Salient the site includes an innovative detailed study of the Second Battle of Ypres, 1915. The study so far consists of 80 pages of text and maps for the Prelude to the Battle and the battle from 5.00pm to midnight. It also features unique map and timeline windows. The next phase of the battle study for 23 April 1915 will be added to the site shortly.

Women in World War One: It was not until the United States got involved in the World War One that some parts of the government got serious about using women power. During the conflict nearly 13,000 women enlisted in the Navy and the Marine Corps. This website, produced by Barbara Wilson, a former captain in the USAF, contains information of these women and the large number of nurses who served in Europe during the conflict.

Godfrey Chavasse: Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse was Britain's most highly decorated serviceman in World War One. He was not however a soldier, being Medical Officer to the 10th (Liverpool Scottish) Battalion. When the Great War started, Noel went with his battalion to France, arriving there in November 1914. Noel won his first medal (a Military Cross) at the Battle of Hooge in June 1915. Noel's first Victoria Cross was gained at Guillemont on 8th August 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. When the Third Battle of Ypres started on 31st July 1917 Noel was in the front line with his men. For nearly two days he went out into the battlefield rescuing and treating wounded soldiers. It was during this period Noel performed the deeds that gained him his second VC. Unfortunately he was never to know about the award as he was killed in his aid station when a shell came through the door and exploded.

Canadian Military Heritage Project: This website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history - the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated. The goal of the project is to preserve the records and memories of Canadians who served their country, and to ensure that their sacrifices are not forgotten. The website provides historical background for each conflict, chronological timelines, statistics, battles, weaponry, uniforms & equipment, famous Canadians, biographies of soldiers, heroes and their stories, contributions of women, other countries who participated, muster rolls for conflicts before 1900, letters from soldiers at the front, music and poetry, guest authors' submissions and links to other online resources.

The Austro-Hungarian Army: The aim of this website is to document the organizational history of the land forces of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy from just prior to the outbreak of the Great War until the collapse of the monarchy in 1918. The subject is huge and therefore the site will be a continually evolving project. The authors intend to produce as time goes on not only the organization of the land forces, but also biographies of senior commanders, individual regimental histories and details of particular engagements and battles in the Italian, Galician, Carpathian, Rumanian and Serbian theatres of operations.

54th Canadian Infantry Battalion: A website devoted to the activities of the 54th Canadian Infantry Battalion that fought in France and Belgium during the First World War. This includes photographs and biographies of a large number of the volunteers who fought in the regiment.

First World War.com: This is a wide-ranging frequently updated website providing information on a variety of Great War topics. Containing some 500 biographical sketches and over 100 battle summaries from all fronts of the war, the site also offers an extensive (and eclectic) collection of short memoirs penned by participants (from nurses to infantrymen to prisoners). A special section addresses the impact of much of the prose and poetry written during and as a consequence of the war's effects. Archive photographs are set alongside pictures of the battlefields today, each with a short summary describing its significance. A timeline is available detailing events for every day of the war from the July Crisis to the Armistice. Special features deal with given aspects of the war, from its planning and origins to the curious Christmas Truce of 1914. Archive songs and speeches from the 1914-18 era recall the popular tunes of the day in audio. Finally the site offers a collection of key source documents associated with the conflict, including treaty texts (Versailles, Brest-Litovsk) and diplomatic agreements.

The Heritage of the Great War is dedicated to the events and consequences of World War One. This website puts some emphasis on unorthodox and thought-provoking points of view. And it shows people rather than strategic plans or statistics. To this end this site features one of the most extensive and explicit World War One photo collections on the Internet. The articles on this website are mainly in English, some are in Dutch (Flemish) only. There are special sections for English and Dutch speaking students, where they will find help with their schoolwork.

Life in the Trenches: This First World War decision-making simulation has been created by Russel Tarr of Active History. In this activity students play the role of a British soldier who joins the army in 1914 to fight in the war. The simulation involves students using selected websites in order to carry out required research tasks. While playing the game students learn about the conditions which soldiers lived and fought in, and the dangers they faced.

The Great War in Flanders Fields: From 1914 to 1918 the 'Westhoek', the western part the Province of West-Flanders, i.e. the area of Nieuwpoort, Diksmuide, Leper (Ypres), Poperinge, was the scene of the Great War. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers of more than 20 nationalities fell in this conflict. After the often pointless battles and vast destruction, the Westhoek rose from its ashes. This interactive website gives you the opportunity to learn more about World War I in the Westhoek. The central database includes all monuments, sites, locations, cemeteries, etc. in the Westhoek. Furthermore you will find all important events referring to the Great War, a reading list, the museums, accommodation, a number of interesting websites and extensive historical information.

Spanish Civil War: A comprehensive encyclopedia of the Spanish Civil War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. There are sections on: Main Events and Issues (10), Political Organizations (16), Military Organizations (24), Important Battles (12), Biographies: Spanish (54), Biographies: Foreign Participants and Observers (60), International Leaders and the Civil War (22) and Individual Countries and the Spanish Civil War (10).

Spanish Civil War Interviews: In November 2000 the Guardian newspaper published a supplement on the the last British survivors of the International Brigades who fought in the Spanish Civil War. This material is now available on the Internet and the website includes interviews with Sam Russell, Lou Kenton, Joe Garber, Bob Peters, Jack Jones, Alfred Sherman, Penny Feiwel, Benny Goldman, Dave Goodman, David Marshall, Sol Frankel, Bob Doyle, Tom Clarke, Jack Straw, George Wheeler, Frank Graham, Frank Mills, Alun Williams and Steve Fullerton.

Spanish Civil War Fact Book: Marcus Wendel of Sweden has produced this useful website on the Spanish Civil War. This includes articles on the Legion Condor Aircraft, Fighter Aces, the Polikarpov I-I53 in Spain, International Brigades, and Foreign Support. The website also provides a timeline, glossary, bibliography and a good collection of links.

Spanish Civil War Directory: A collection of websites on the Spanish Civil War sorted by language (Spanish, English, Italian, French, Portuguese, Catalan and Galician) and by subject (General Websites, International Dimension of the War, International Brigades, Anarchism, Local History, Military Aspects, Women’s History, Posters and Photographs and a particular selection of “essential” websites. The front page and the “essential” websites page are in English and Spanish, the rest only in Spanish.

Bill Bailey: Abraham Lincoln Battalion: On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Bailey joined the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, a unit that volunteered to defend the Popular Front government against General Franco and his Nationalist Army. While in Spain he wrote to his mother explaining his actions: "You see Mom, there are things that one must do in this life that are a little more than just living. In Spain there are thousands of mothers like yourself who never had a fair shake in life. They got together and elected a government that really gave meaning to their life. But a bunch of bullies decided to crush this wonderful thing. That's why I went to Spain, Mom, to help these poor people win this battle, then one day it would be easier for you and the mothers of the future." Bill Bailey was one of those who came back and his autobiography, The Kid from Hoboken, is now available on the Internet.

Spanish Civil War: Cary Nelson of the University of Illinois has created one of the best website on the Spanish Civil War on the Internet. It includes an overview of the war, a photo essay, a chronology, posters, flags, letters by American volunteers, poems, as well as articles and speeches by George Orwell, La Pasionaria, Ernest Hemingway, Bernard Knox and Tony Hendra.

Second World War Encyclopaedia: A comprehensive encyclopaedia of the Second World War. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material. So far there are sections on: Background to the War; Nazi Germany, Chronology of the War, Political Leaders, European Diplomacy, Major Offensives, British Military Leaders, USA Military Leaders, German Military Leaders, Japanese Military Leaders, The Armed Forces, The Air War, The Resistance, Scientists & Inventors, War at Sea, Resistance in Nazi Germany, The Holocaust, War Artists, Weapons and New Technology.

War and Conflict: World War II: Another outstanding website produced by the BBC. The material on the war can be accessed by topic, time or people. The large collection of articles covers the Battle of Britain, the Holocaust, the Blitz, Area Bombing, War in Russia, the Battle of El Alamein, Allied PoWs, SOE, Emperor Hirohito, Heinrich Himmler, Battle of Arnhem, Home Guard, MI5, Monte Cassino, Evacuation, Adolf Hitler and the role of Caribbean, Indian and African forces during the war.

U-boat War 1939-1945: This website contains over 12,700 pages of information on the U-boat War. This includes biographies of 1,411 U-boat commanders and profiles of 1153 U-boats. Recent articles added include U-boat Shipyards, U-boat Types, Donitz at Nuremberg, Sinking of SS Athenia, German Saboteur Teams in the USA, U-boat Songs, Men Lost from U-boats, German Torpedo Crisis, Operation Deadlight, Convoy Commodores and U-boat Computer Simulations.

Royal Air Force: A website that celebrates the history of the RAF and its pioneering role in the development of aviation, from its earliest beginnings to the present day. The Time Line traces the history of aviation and the Royal Air Force. It features many photographs and illustrations as well as sound-bites and links which provide fuller explanations of the major aircraft types, people and events of the period. The Histories section provides material on the different Royal Air Force units and stations.

Women and the Second World War: In September 1943 the Special Operations Executive (SOE) sent Pearl Witherington into France where she became head of the Wrestler Network. Over the next few months Witherington, one of the 39 female agents sent into France during the war, helped organize over 1,500 members of the Maquis against the German Army. This website illustrates the important role played by women in the war and includes biographies of twenty secret agents, twenty women involved in the anti-Nazi resistance movement in Europe and twelve women who risked their lives as war reporters.

Winston S. Churchill: Maintained by the Churchill Center in Washington, this website is devoted to the life and times of Winston Churchill. The very detailed biography is organism into eight sections: Youth (1874-1900), Young Statesman (1901-1914), The Challenge of War (1914-16), The Stricken World (1917-1922), The Prophet of Truth (1923-1939), Finest Hour (1939-1941), Road to Victory (1942-1945) and Never Despair (1945-1965). Other sections include Debates about Churchill, Churchill's Life: Day by Day, Churchill Facts and Frequently Asked Questions.

Deutsches Afrika Korps: Paulo Henriques of Portugal has created this detailed website on the Deutsches Afrika Korps during the Second World War. As well as providing biographies and photographs of the leading commanders there are also articles on the War in Africa, The Italian Army, Afrika Korps History, Life in the Afrika Korps, Afrika Korps Units and Symbols, Afrika Korps Uniforms, Afrika Korps Guns and Afrika Korps Songs.

NZ Fighter Pilots Museum: In 1945 New Zealand had a population of under 1.5 million. During World War II this small country provided (on a per capita basis) the largest number of aircrew (57,000) and the largest number of fighter aces (94) of any country in the world. It is a sad statement, also, that they contributed the largest number of aircrew killed relative to population. The New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum is over eight years old. In that time over 165,000 visitors from around the world have visited us to learn and be entertained. In the four years since this site was launched, the number of visitors to this website has surpassed twice that number.

Canadian Air Aces and Heroes is a set of biographies on Canadians who distinguished themselves in military aviation from WWI through WWII and Korea. Linked with the biographies are technical pages on the aircraft they flew and fought against. It is continually being updated and added to so check back occasionally to see if anything new has been added.

Battle of Britain: This is probably the most comprehensive website available on the Internet on the Battle of Britain. It includes a detailed account of every days events from July 10th 1940 through to October 31st 1940, the official period set down for the Battle of Britain. Included in this account, are all the days events, weather conditions, the times of enemy detection by radar and combat actions, quotations given by many that took part, and historical accounts provided by many historians and a full listing of all the R.A.F casualties for each day. The website also has a Bulletin Board where you may post messages and ask questions.

Women Come to the Front is a website devoted to women who worked as journalists, photographers and broadcasters during the Second World War. This includes articles such as War, Women and Opportunity and Seeds of Change and biographies of Therese Bonney, Toni Frissell, Clare Boothe Luce, Janet Flanner, Esther Bubley, Dorothea Lange and May Craig. There is also a full list of accredited women correspondents employed during the war.

The Niztor Project: A website dedicated to the millions of Holocaust victims who suffered and died at the hands of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime. Subjects covered include the Holocaust Camps, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, The Nuremberg Trials, Techniques of Holocaust Denial, Trial of Adolf Eichmann and Holocaust Revisionism.

War, Media and Propaganda: In 1939 Joseph Goebbels remarked: "We cannot be satisfied with just telling the people what we want. We have to keep hammering on at them until they become addicted to us." This statement is included in the Flanders Field Museum's online exhibition on war, the media and propaganda in the 20th century. The exhibition starts with stories from Belgium in 1914 about nuns were being raped by German soldiers to the claims that Kuwaiti babies were being snatched from hospital incubators by occupying Iraqi troops in 1991.

D-Day Letters: The D-day invasion began with a dangerous attack by American paratroopers. Dropped behind enemy lines to soften up the German troops and to secure needed targets, the paratroopers knew that if the accompanying assault by sea failed - there would be no rescue. Departing from Portland Bill on the English Coast, the 101st and 82nd US Airborne Divisions were dropped on the Cherbourg Peninsula. From that point, the 101st division was to secure the western end behind UTAH and head off an eastern German advance. The 82nd, landing farther inland, was to seize the bridges and halt an advance from the west. This PBS website contains a collection of letters written by the paratroopers involved in this action. The words of the soldiers relay the many emotions experienced by the men who fought on D-day.

Douglas MacArthur: No soldier in modern history has been more admired - or more reviled than Douglas MacArthur. The liberator of the Philippines, shogun of Occupied Japan, brilliant victor of the Battle of Inchon, was an admired national hero when he was suddenly relieved of his command. This PBS website concentrates on MacArthur in the Philippines during the Second World War and his conflict with Harry S. Truman in 1951.

Battle for Berlin: Stalin's attempt to take Berlin ahead of his allies in 1945 led to the death of 70,000 Russian soldiers. This BBC website follows historian Antony Beevor as he examined the conquering army's conduct and unearthed evidence to suggest that Stalin's nuclear ambitions may have driven him to take such military risks. Beevor's task was awesome. There were tens of thousands of unexplored documents in the Russian archives relevant to the Battle of Berlin. Would the new material shed light on controversial issues such as the alleged mass rape of German women by Red Army soldiers? Why did Stalin sacrifice the lives of tens of thousands of his soldiers in order to be in Berlin before the Americans?

Nazi and East German Propaganda: Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and the postwar German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive website maintained by Randall Bytwerk, includes both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists. The goal is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems of the 20th Century by giving them access to the primary material. The website includes speeches, posters, cartoons and photographs.

Battle of Midway: In a three day battle between June 3-6, 1942 United States land and carrier-based planes decisively repulsed a heavy Japanese naval and air assault. Japanese casualties included loss of 275 planes, four large carriers, two heavy cruisers, and three destroyers and damage to three battleships and four cruisers. American losses included one carrier, one destroyer and 150 planes. This website, produced by the US Department of the Navy, provides an illustrated account of this important battle.

Navajo Code Talkers: Early in 1942 Philip Johnson, met Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and suggested that the U.S. Marines used the Navajo language as a secret code. Johnson, who had grown up on an Navajo Reservation, argued that because it of its complex syntax, tonal qualities and dialect, the Japanese cryptographers would find it impossible to decipher. He also pointed out that Navajo was not a written language and less than 30 non-Navajos understood it. Vogel was convinced by Johnson's arguments and it was decided to establish a Navajo code programme at Camp Pendleton at Oceanside, California. Over the next three years over 400 Navajos agents were trained to use the code and around 300 saw action in the field. Speaking Navajo and using an additional code within that, they were able to convey information and orders among Marine units and Navy warships and aircraft. This website provides an overview of the subject plus links to other related resources including a Navajo Code Talker Lesson, a Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary, a Navajo Code Cipher Simulation and the Windtalkers film.

Second World War Open Directory: This comprehensive directory contains 737 websites on the Second World War: Air Forces (98), Arts and Literature (14), Atomic (56), Directories (3), Documents, Manuscripts and other Primary Sources (3), Education and Academic (3), Land Forces (36), Naval Forces (63), People (183), Regional (133), Theaters of Operations (162), War Crimes (2) and Weapons and Equipment (43).

World War II: The Homefront: This website created by Jacob Crouch, Ben Gould, and Scott Hays for ThinkQuest, an educational web site building contest for high school children world wide. It includes a timeline, an impressive artifact museum and a simulation that allows students to follow the lives of five American families during the school year of September 1943-June 1944.

45th Infantry Division: The 45th Infantry Division was one of four National Guard Divisions activated in 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, foreseeing the possibility of war on the horizon. The campaigns it fought in were Sicily, Naples- Fogia, Anzio, Rome-Arno, Southern France, Central Europe, Ardennes Alsace, and Rhineland. The World War II Recreation Association in conjunction with BSA Venturing Crew 1941 have developed a website to preserve the history of the 45th Infantry Division and the individual Veterans who served in it.

Virtual Chat with Adolf Hitler: In this innovative "artificial intelligence" activity from Russel Tarr at ActiveHistory, users can type in questions which Hitler answers. If you are stuck for a question, you can ask the computer to suggest one from a variety of categories, and if Hitler does not respond correctly it is possible to submit the question to ActiveHistory so that his 'brain' can be updated. All people who contribute in this way are given full recognition on a separate 'credits' page. Lesson plans to make use of the resource in the classroom are also provided, and this is an original and engaging way of learning about Nazi Germany.

Secret Service in the Second World War: A study of the secret service during the Second World War. Biographies of forty agents and accounts of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the Prosper Network. Each entry contains a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is hypertexted to other relevant pages in the encyclopedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hypertexted so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper, organization, etc., that produced the material.

Spies and Spymasters: Fifty-eight biographies of spies and those people employed by the State to catch them. This includes George Blake, Anthony Blunt, Maurice Buckmaster, Guy Burgess, Mansfield Cumming, Claude Dansey, Ian Fleming, Klaus Fuchs, Roger Hollis, Vernon Kell, Tyler Kent, Maxwell Knight, Walter Krivitsky, John Le Carre, Guy Liddell, Gordon Lonsdale, Donald Maclean, Leo Marks, Allan Nunn May, Stewart Menzies, Maurice Oldfield, Oleg Penkovsky, Kim Philby, Sidney Reilly, Percy Sillitoe, Dick White, Anna Wolkoff, Peter Wright and Greville Wynne.

History of MI5: In November 1979, Goronwy Rees, gave a deathbed confession that he had been a Soviet spy. He also claimed that Guy Liddell, Deputy Director General of MI5 (1947-52) was also a traitor and had been part of the five man Cambridge Spy Ring (Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt). In his autobiography published in 1987, former agent, Peter Wright, claimed that the fifth man was not Liddell but Roger Hollis, the Director General of MI5 (1956-65). This website takes a look at the history of MI5 and its search for the fifth man within its ranks.

Secret Service Bureau: In October 1909, following a recommendation by the Committee of Imperial Defence which had been considering the danger to British naval ports from German espionage, Captain Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment and Captain Mansfield Cumming of the Royal Navy jointly established the Secret Service Bureau. To meet an additional requirement from the Admiralty for information about Germany’s new navy, Kell and Cumming decided to divide their work. Thereafter, ‘K’ was responsible for counter-espionage within the British Isles (MI5) while ‘C’ was responsible for gathering intelligence overseas (MI6). This website provides the official history of the Secret Service in Britain.

Women of the Special Operations Executive: This website, created in 1995, tells the story of the women who joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. As the author points out, the website "does not intend to glamorize or hero worship the women - the work was far from glamorous - but to simply show the intricate work they did, the extraordinary courage they showed and the sacrifices they made."

Violette Szabo: After hearing that her husband had been killed at El Alamein, Violette Szabo, developed a strong desire to get involved in the war effort and was recruited to join the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The violette Szabo Museum website tells the story of how she was parachuted into occupied France to help the resistance. Szabo was captured and executed by the Gestapo and was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre and the George Cross.

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